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Klemens Szaniawski was born in Warsaw on March 3, 1925. He began to study philosophy in the clandestine Warsaw University during World War II. Tadeusz Kotarbinski, Jan Lukasiewicz, Maria and Stanislaw Ossowskis, Wladyslaw Tatarkiewicz, and Henryk Hii: were among his teachers. Sza niawski was also a member of the Polish Home Army (AK), one of the young est. He was arrested and spent the last period of the war as a prisoner in Auschwitz. After 1945, he continued his studies in the University of L6dz; his Master thesis was devoted to French moral thought of the 17th and 18th cen turies. Then he worked in the Department of Ethics in L6dZ. In 1950, he received his Ph. D. on the basis of the dissertation on the concept of honour in knight groups in the Middle Ages; Maria Ossowska was the supervisor. In the early fifties he moved to Warsaw to the Department of Logic, directed by Kotarbinski. He took his habilitation exams in 1961. In 1969 he became a professor. Since 1970 he was the head of Department of the Logic at the Warsaw University. In the sixties Szaniawski was also the Dean of the Faculty of Philosophy and Sociology. In 1984 he was elected the Rector Magnificus of the Warsaw University but the Ministry overruled the autonomous democra tic vote of the academic community. He served as the President of the Polish (since 1977) taking this post after Kotarbinski.

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CONTENTS

Preface = ⅸ

ACKOWLEDGEMENTS = xiii

Ⅰ : ON SCIENCE

 1. Some remarks on the philosophy of science = 1

 2. Information and decision-making as tools of philosophy of science = 8

 3. Method and creativity in science = 19

 4. Sociology and models of rational behaviour = 28

 5. Mathematical models and social facts = 40

 6. Science as a search for information = 45

Ⅱ : ON INFERENCE

 7. Inference or behaviour? = 54

 8. A note on confirmation of statistical hypotheses = 62

 9. On some basic patterns of statistical inference = 70

 10. A method of deciding between N statistical hypostheses = 80

 11. A pragmatic justification of rules of statistical inference = 87

 12. On sequential inference = 96

 13. Interpretations of the maximum likelihood principle = 106

Ⅲ. ON INFORMATION AND DECISION MAKING

 14. Some remarks concerning the criterion of rational decision-making = 114

 15. The concept of distribution of goods = 128

 16. The value of perfact information = 140

 17. Questions and their pragmatic value = 154

 18. Two concepts of information = 157

 19. Types of information and their role in the methodology of science = 167

 20. Information in decision-marking. Some logical aspects = 177

 21. Decision-making and future rearch. Some theoretical problems = 191

 22. On formal aspects of distributive justice = 200

 23. Philosophy and decision-making = 210

 24. The concept of unreliable information = 222

 25. On defining information = 226

APPENDIX

 26. Rationality as a value = 232

INDEX OF NAMES = 241