CONTENTS
Notes on the contributors = ⅸ
Acknowledgments = xi
Introduction = 1
Focus and approach = 1
Terminology = 1
Organization and structure = 2
Suggestions for teaching and study = 4
Part One The environment, growth and development of international firms = 7
1 The evolution of international business enterprise / by Howard Cox = 9
1.1 Introduction = 9
1.2 Early forms of FDI = 11
1.3 FDI and managerial capitalism = 16
1.4 Britain's foreign investments, 1865-1914 = 17
1.5 FDI from the United States and continental Europe before 1914 = 23
1.6 FDI before 1914 = 28
1.7 Foreign investment from the First World War to the Great Crash = 30
1.8 International firms in depression and war = 36
1.9 American multinationals and the postwar recovery = 40
1.10 Further reading = 44
1.11 Questions for further discussion = 46
2. Internationalization trends / by Grazia Ietto-Gillies = 47
2.1 Introduction = 47
2.2 Transnational companies and the network of their operations = 47
2.3 Macro trends = 57
2.4 Geographical patterns = 63
2.5 Sectoral changes = 69
2.6 Conclusions = 70
2.7 Further reading = 70
2.8 Questions for further discussion = 71
3. The environment of international business / by Grazia Ietto-Gillies = 73
3.1 Introduction = 73
3.2 The political environment = 74
3.3 The technological environment = 78
3.4 Organizational developments = 83
3.5 Implications of various favourable conditions = 85
3.6 Conclusions = 88
3.7 Further reading = 89
3.8 Questions for further discussion = 89
4 The international trading environment / by Nigel Grimwade = 91
4.1 Introduction = 92
4.2 The growth in world trade = 96
4.3 The geographical composition of world trade = 96
4.4 The regional network of world trade = 100
4.5 The commodity composition of world trade = 101
4.6 Patterns of international specialization = 103
4.7 The institutional framework = 108
4.8 Conclusion = 110
4.9 Suggestions for further reading = 111
4.10 Questions for further discussion = 111
5 Alternative approaches to the explanation of international production / by Grazia Ietto-Gillies = 113
5.1 Introduction = 113
5.2 Why do we need theories? = 114
5.3 The neoclassical approach = 117
5.4 Macroeconomic approaches = 125
5.5 Market structure, power and conflicts = 130
5.6 The eclectic approach = 137
5.7 Conclusions = 141
5.8 Suggestions for further reading = 143
5.9 Suggestions for group work = 143
5.10 Mini case studies = 143
6 International trade and global competition / by Howard Cox ; Nigel Grimwade = 153
6.1 Introduction = 153
6.2 The limitations of neoclassical trade theory = 155
6.3 Trade theory and the growth of firms = 158
6.4 From comparative advantage to competitive advantage = 164
6.5 Conclusion = 170
6.6 Further reading = 171
6.7 Questions for further discussion = 172
Part Two International business strategy and management = 173
7 Strategic planning and management in international firms / by Robin John = 175
7.1 Strategic planning and management in international firms = 175
7.2 The definition of strategy = 176
7.3 The need for strategic management and planning = 177
7.4 The international strategic management process = 177
7.5 Competitive environment and industry characteristics = 182
7.6 Strategic group analysis = 189
7.7 Internal resource analysis = 191
7.8 Value chain analysis = 193
7.9 Strategy formulation : strategic options = 196
7.10 Summary = 201
7.11 Further reading = 202
7.12 Questions for further discussion = 203
Appendix A : international performance analysis = 207
8 International business strategy / by Robin John = 213
8.1 Introduction = 213
8.2 Generic strategy and competitive advantage = 214
8.3 Global industries and muiltidomestic industries = 215
8.4 Reasons for globalization = 218
8.5 Critique of the globalization thesis = 221
8.6 The empirical measurement of global integration = 222
8.7 International generic strategy = 225
8.8 The international value chain = 227
8.9 Configuration and co-ordination of international activities = 229
8.10 Configuration of operations and productions = 231
8.11 The transnational strategy epoch = 235
8.12 Summary = 238
8.13 Further reading = 239
8.14 Questions for further discussion = 240
9 The implementation of international business strategy / by Robin John = 247
9.1 Introduction = 247
9.2 Strategic alliances and joint ventures = 247
9.3 Types of joint ventures and strategic alliances = 249
9.4 Reasons for the use of joint ventures and strategic alliances = 251
9.5 The continuing role of joint ventures = 253
9.6 Disadvantages and costs of international collaboration = 254
9.7 The balance of advantage = 256
9.8 International acquisitions = 258
9.9 Problems and disadvantages of international acquisitions = 259
9.10 Foreign market entry and development = 261
9.11 Export entry modes = 263
9.12 Contractual entry modes = 264
9.13 Investment entry modes = 265
9.14 Determinants of foreign market entry mode = 266
9.15 Summary = 270
9.16 Further reading = 270
9.17 Questions for further discussion = 271
10 International organizational structure / by Robin John = 273
10.1 Introduction = 273
10.2 Historical development of international organizational structure = 274
10.3 Choice of international organizational alternatives = 276
10.4 Stopford and Wells' empirical study of structure = 282
10.5 International strategy and structure = 285
10.6 The transnational corporation, heterarchy and informal processes = 289
10.7 Strategic predisposition and EPRG profile = 292
10.8 Critique of the transnational solution = 294
10.9 Summary = 296
10.10 Further reading = 297
10.11 Questions for further discussion = 298
11 Globalization and human resources management / by Michael Allen ; Edward Finn = 301
11.1 Introduction = 301
11.2 Globalization = 301
11.3 Alternative models of human resource management = 302
11.4 Employee relations and statutory employment rights = 305
11.5 National and regional variations in collective bargaining = 307
11.6 Trade unionsm = 308
11.7 Employers' organizations = 311
11.8 Competitive advantage and culture change = 311
11.9 The quest for the multicultural global organization = 314
11.10 The significance of national cultures = 317
11.11 Developing cross-border management = 318
11.12 Conclusions = 321
11.13 Further reading = 322
11.14 Questions for further discussion = 322
References = 325
Index = 345
