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The primary objective of this volume is to contribute to the contemporary theory of metaphor from the viewpoint of Chinese, so as to help place the theory into a wider cross-linguistic and cross-cultural perspective. It explores two major questions faced by the contemporary theory: if abstract reasoning is at least partially metaphorical in nature; and what conceptual metaphors are universal, widespread or culture-specific. The book focuses on metaphors of emotion, the "time as space" metaphor and the Event Structure Metaphor. It studies how Chinese is similar to and different from English with regard to these metaphor systems and image schema involved, and what reasons (cognitive or cultural) can account for the similarities and differences between these two languages. The empirial studies presented in this monograph seek to reinforce the view that metaphor is the main mechanism through which abstract concepts are comprehended and abstract reasoning is performed. It argues that certain conceptual metaphors are grounded in some basic human experiences that may be universal to all human beings.

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CONTENTS

Acknowledgments = ⅸ

Chapter 1. Introduction = 1

Chapter 2. The Contemporary Theory : A Review = 10

2.1. Views of metaphor : Classical vs.contemporary = 10

2.2. Cognitive linguistics and cognitive semantics = 12

2.3. Conceptual and linguistic metaphors and metaphor systems = 14

2.4. Experiential basis of metaphor : The notion of embodiment = 20

2.5. Image schemas and the Invariance Principle = 23

2.6. Conventional and novel metaphors = 29

2.7. Summary of findings of the contemporary theory = 32

2.8. Criticisms of the contemporary theory = 33

2.9. Questions faced by the contemporary theory = 46

Chapter 3. Emotion Metaphors = 49

3.1. Language of emotions = 49

3.2. Anger metaphors in English = 50

3.3. Anger metaphors in Chinese = 52

3.4. Happiness metaphors in English = 60

3.5. Happiness metaphors in Chinese = 63

3.6. The underlying model of the metaphors = 70

3.7. Summary and discussion = 79

Chapter 4. The Time as Space Metaphor = 83

4.1. Conceptions of space and time = 83

4.2. Alverson's cross-cultural and cross-linguistic study = 86

4.3. Lakoff's studies in English = 90

4.4. Time as space in Chinese = 91

4.4.1. Evidence in the lexicon = 92

4.4.1.1. The past,the present,and the future = 92

4.4.1.2. The verbs in collocation with ‘past’and ‘future’ = 99

4.4.1.3. Seemingly contradictory cases = 104

4.4.1.4. Spatial terms used in the temporal domain = 107

4.4.2. Evidence in the inference patterns = 113

4.4.2.1. Case One : time as moving object = 113

4.4.2.2. Case Two : time as bounded space = 117

4.4.2.3. The duality : mixture of Case One and Case Two = 122

4.4.2.4. Another case : time and observer moving in the same direction = 125

4.5. Summary and discussion = 131

Chapter 5. The Event Structure Metaphor = 140

5.1. The conception of events = 140

5.2. The event structure metaphor in English = 140

5.2.1. The location-dual = 141

5.2.2. The object-dual = 144

5.3. The location-version in Chinese = 146

5.3.1. States = 147

5.3.2. Changes = 159

5.3.3. Causes = 178

5.3.4. Actions = 183

5.3.5. Purposes = 187

5.3.6. Means = 192

5.3.7. Difficulties = 202

5.3.8. Others = 211

5.4. The object-version in Chinese = 213

5.4.1. Attributes = 215

5.4.2. Changes = 217

5.4.3. Causes = 219

5.4.4. Actions = 221

5.4.5. Purposes = 223

5.5. Mixture of location-version and object-version = 226

5.6. Summary and discussion = 233

Chapter 6. Conclusion = 236

Appendix : The character version of the Chinese examples = 242

Notes = 251

References = 258

Name Index = 273

Subject Index = 275