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Technics and Civilization first presented its compelling history of the machine and critical study of its effects on civilization in 1934--before television, the personal computer, and the Internet even appeared on our periphery.

Drawing upon art, science, philosophy, and the history of culture, Lewis Mumford explained the origin of the machine age and traced its social results, asserting that the development of modern technology had its roots in the Middle Ages rather than the Industrial Revolution. Mumford sagely argued that it was the moral, economic, and political choices we made, not the machines that we used, that determined our then industrially driven economy. Equal parts powerful history and polemic criticism, Technics and Civilization was the first comprehensive attempt in English to portray the development of the machine age over the last thousand years--and to predict the pull the technological still holds over us today.

"The questions posed in the first paragraph of Technics and Civilization still deserve our attention, nearly three quarters of a century after they were written."--Journal of Technology and Culture

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CONTENTS
OBJECTIVES = 3
CHAPTER Ⅰ. CULTURAL PREPARATION = 9
  1 ： Machines, Utilities, and "The Machine" = 9
  2 ： The Monastery and the Clock = 12
  3 ： Space, Distance, Movement = 18
  4 ： The Influence of Capitalism = 23
  5 ： From Fable to Fact = 28
  6 ： The Obstacle of Animism = 31
  7 ： The Road Through Magic = 36
  8 ： Social Regimentation = 41
  9 ： The Mechanical Universe = 45
  10 ： The Duty to Invent = 52
  11 ： Practical Anticipations = 55
CHAPTER Ⅱ. AGENTS OF MECHANIZATION = 60
  1 ： The Profile of Technics = 60
  2 ： De Re Metallica = 65
  3 ： Mining and Modern Capitalism = 74
  4 ： The Primitive Engineer = 77
  5 ： From Game­Hunt to Man­Hunt = 81
  6 ： Warfare and Invention = 85
  7 ： Military Mass­Production = 89
  8 ： Drill and Deterioration = 94
  9 ： Mars and Venus = 96
  10 ： Consumptive Pull and Productive Drive 102
CHAPTER Ⅲ. THE EOTECHNIC PHASE = 107
  1 ： Technical Syncretism = 107
  2 ： The Technological Complex = 109
  3 ： New Sources of Power = 112
  4 ： Trunk, Plank, and Spar = 119
  5 ： Through a Glass, Brightly = 124
  6 ： Glass and the Ego = 128
  7 ： The Primary Inventions = 131
  8 ： Weakness and Strength = 142
CHAPTER Ⅳ. THE PALEOTECHNIC PHASE = 151
  1 ： England''s Belated Leadership = 151
  2 ： The New Barbarism = 153
  3 ： Carboniferous Capitalism = 156
  4 ： The Steam Engine = 158
  5 ： Blood and Iron = 163
  6 ： The Destruction of Environment = 167
  7 ： The Degradation of the Worker = 172
  8 ： The Starvation of Life = 178
  9 ： The Doctrine of Progress = 182
  10 ： The Struggle for Existence = 185
  11 ： Class and Nation = 187
  12 ： The Empire of Muddle = 191
  13 ： Power and Time = 196
  14 ： The Esthetic Compensation = 199
  15 ： Mechanical Triumphs = 205
  16 ： The Paleotechnic Passage = 210
CHAPTER Ⅴ. THE NEOTECHNIC PHASE = 212
  1 ： The Beginnings of Neotechnics = 212
  2 ： The Importance of Science = 215
  3 ： New Sources of Energy = 221
  4 ： The Displacement of the Proletariat = 224
  5 ： Neotechnic Materials = 229
  6 ： Power and Mobility = 235
  7 ： The Paradox of Communication = 239
  8 ： The New Permanent Record = 242
  9 ： Light and Life = 245
  10 ： The Influence of Biology = 250
  11 ： From Destruction to Conservation = 255
  12 ： The Planning of Population = 260
  13 ： The Present Pseudomorph = 263
CHAPTER Ⅵ. COMPENSATIONS AND REVERSIONS = 268
  1 ： Summary of Social Reactions = 268
  2 ： The Mechanical Routine = 269
  3 ： Purposeless Materialism : Superfluous Power = 273
  4 ： Co­operation versus Slavery = 278
  5 ： Direct Attack on the Machine = 284
  6 ： Romantic and Utilitarian = 285
  7 ： The Cult of the Past = 288
  8 ： The Return to Nature = 295
  9 ： Organic and Mechanical Polarities = 299
  10 ： Sport and the "Bitch­goddess" = 303
  11 ： The Cult of Death = 307
  12 ： The Minor Shock­Absorbers = 311
  13 ： Resistance and Adjustment = 316
CHAPTER Ⅶ. ASSIMILATION OF THE MACHINE = 321
  1 ： New Cultural Values = 321
  2 ： The Neutrality of Order = 326
  3 ： The Esthetic Experience of the Machine = 333
  4 ： Photography as Means and Symbol = 337
  5 ： The Growth of Functionalism = 344
  6 ： The Simplification of the Environment = 357
  7 ： The Objective Personality = 359
CHAPTER Ⅷ. ORIENTATION = 364
  1 ： The Dissolution of "The Machine" = 364
  2 ： Toward an Organic Ideology = 368
  3 ： The Elements of Social Energetics = 373
  4 ： Increase Conversion! = 380
  5 ： Economize Production! = 383
  6 ： Normalize Consumption! = 390
  7 ： Basic Communism = 400
  8 ： Socialize Creation! = 406
  9 ： Work for Automaton and Amateur = 410
  10 ： Political Control = 417
  11 ： The Diminution of the Machine = 423
  12 ： Toward a Dynamic Equilibrium = 429
  13 ： Summary and Prospect = 433
INVFNTTONS = 437
BIBLIOGRAPHY = 447
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS = 475
INDEX = 477