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With contributions from well-established scholars as well as young rising stars in the field, this Handbook bridges a wide variety of diverse perspectives, research methodologies, and theory, and provides a foundation for this new and rapidly growing field.

How do we define compassion? Is it an emotional state, a motivation, a dispositional trait, or a cultivated attitude? How does it compare to altruism and empathy? Chapters in this Handbook present critical scientific evidence about compassion in numerous conceptions. All of these approaches to thinking about compassion are valid and contribute importantly to understanding how we respond to others who are suffering. Covering multiple levels of our lives and self-concept, from the individual, to the group, to the organization and culture, The Oxford Handbook of Compassion Science gathers evidence and models of compassion that treat the subject of compassion science with careful scientific scrutiny and concern. It explores the motivators of compassion, the effect on physiology, the co-occurrence of wellbeing, and compassion training interventions. Sectioned by thematic approaches, it pulls together basic and clinical research ranging across neurobiological, developmental, evolutionary, social, clinical, and applied areas in psychology such as business and education. In this sense, it comprises one of the first multidisciplinary and systematic approaches to examining compassion from multiple perspectives and frames of reference. With contributions from well-established scholars as well as young rising stars in the field, this Handbook bridges a wide variety of diverse perspectives, research methodologies, and theory, and provides a foundation for this new and rapidly growing field. It should be of great value to the new generation of basic and applied researchers examining compassion, and serve as a catalyst for academic researchers and students to support and develop the modern world.

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Section	Section Description	Page Number
Preface   James R. Doty	p. xxi
Part 1	Introduction	
1	    The Landscape of Compassion: Definitions and Scientific Approaches   Jennifer L. Goetz and Emiliana Simon-Thomas	p. 3
2	    Compassion in Context: Tracing the Buddhist Roots of Secular, Compassion-Based Contemplative Programs   Brooke D. Lavelle	p. 17
3	    The Empathy-Altruism Hypothesis: What and So What?   C. Daniel Batson	p. 27
4	    Is Global Compassion Achievable?   Paul Ekman and Eve Ekman	p. 41
Part 2	Developmental Approaches	
5	    Compassion in Children   Tracy L. Spinrad and Nancy Eisenberg	p. 53
6	    Parental Brain: The Crucible of Compassion   James E. Swain and S. Shaun Ho	p. 65
7	    Adult Attachment and Compassion: Normative and Individual Difference Components   Mario Mikulincer and Phillip R. Shaver	p. 79
8	    Compassion-Focused Parenting   James N. Kirby	p. 91
Part 3	Psychophysiological and Biological Approaches	
9	    The Compassionate Brain   Olga M. Klimecki and Tania Singer	p. 109
10	    Two Factors That Fuel Compassion: The Oxytocin System and the Social Experience of Moral Elevation   Sarina Rodrigues Saturn	p. 121
11	    The Impact of Compassion Meditation Training on the Brain and Prosocial Behavior   Helen Y. Weng and Brianna Schuyler and Richard J. Davidson	p. 133
12	    Cultural Neuroscience of Compassion and Empathy   Joan Y. Chiao	p. 147
13	    Compassionate Neurobiology and Health   Stephanie L. Brown and R. Michael Brown	p. 159
14	    The Roots of Compassion: An Evolutionary and Neurobiological Perspective   C. Sue Carter and Inbal Ben-Ami Bartal and Eric C. Porges	p. 173
15	    Vagal Pathways: Portals to Compassion   Stephen W. Porges	p. 189
Part 4	Compassion Interventions	
16	    Empathy-Building Interventions: A Review of Existing Work and Suggestions for Future Directions   Erika Weisz and Jamil Zaki	p. 205
17	    Studies of Training Compassion: What Have We Learned; What Remains Unknown?   Alea C. Skwara and Brandon G. King and Clifford D. Saron	p. 219
18	    The Compassion Cultivation Training (CCT) Program   Philippe R. Goldin and Hooria Jazaieri	p. 237
19	    Cognitively Based Compassion Training: Gleaning Generalities from Specific Biological Effects   Jennifer Mascaro and Lobsang Tenzin Negi and Charles L. Raison	p. 247
Part 5	Social Psychological and Sociological Approaches	
20	    Compassion Collapse: Why We Are Numb to Numbers   C. Daryl Cameron	p. 261
21	    The Cultural Shaping of Compassion   Birgit Koopmann-Holm and Jeanne L. Tsai	p. 273
22	    Enhancing Compassion: Social Psychological Perspectives   Paul Condon and David DeSteno	p. 287
23	    Empathy, Compassion, and Social Relationships   Mark H. Davis	p. 299
24	    The Class-Compassion Gap: How Socioeconomic Factors Influence Compassion   Paul K. Piff and Jake P. Moskowitz	p. 317
25	    Changes Over Time in Compassion-Related Variables in the United States   Sasha Zarins and Sara Konnath	p. 331
26	    To Help or Not to Help: Goal Commitment and the Goodness of Compassion   Michael J. Poulin	p. 353
Part 6	Clinical Approaches	
27	    Self-Compassion and Psychological Well-being   Kristin Neff and Christopher Germer	p. 371
28	    Compassion Fatigue Resilience   Charles R. Figley and Kathleen Regan Figiey	p. 387
29	    Compassion Fears, Blocks and Resistances: An Evolutionary Investigation   Paul Gilbert and Jennifer Mascaro	p. 399
Part 7	Applied Compassion	
30	    Organizational Compassion: Manifestations Through Organizations   Kim Cameron	p. 421
31	    How Leaders Shape Compassion Processes in Organizations   Monica C. Worline and Jane E. Dutton	p. 435
32	    The Call for Compassion in Health Care   Sue Shea and Christos Lionis	p. 457
33	    A Call for Compassion and Care in Education: Toward a More Comprehensive Prosocial Framework for the Field   Brooke D. Lavelle and Lisa Flook and Dara G. Ghahremani	p. 475
34	    Heroism: Social Transformation Through Compassion in Action   Philip G. Zimbardo and Emma M. Seppälä and Zeno E. Franco	p. 487
35	    Social Dominance and Leadership: The Mediational Effect of Compassion   Daniel Martin and Yotam Heineberg	p. 495
Index	p. 507