상세정보

The actual organization and use of information systems in American, European and Japanese firms are investigated and compared with theoretical conclusions. Finally, following the experimental evolution of the information products over the past twenty years, the results presented indicate that information and communication firms are now starting to offer the kind of business information systems predicted by the analysis.
The transformation of business information systems technology can be followed in the Chronicle, which is provided on diskette and which covers the development of modern IT and telecommunications industries. The data are arranged to allow researchers to reconfigure the data according to their own needs.

The actual organization and use of information systems in American, European and Japanese firms are investigated and compared with theoretical conclusions. Finally, following the experimental evolution of the information products over the past twenty years, the results presented indicate that information and communication firms are now starting to offer the kind of business information systems predicted by the analysis.
The transformation of business information systems technology can be followed in the Chronicle, which is provided on diskette and which covers the development of modern IT and telecommunications industries. The data are arranged to allow researchers to reconfigure the data according to their own needs.

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CONTENTS
List of Figures = xi
List of Tables = xii
Foreword = xiii
PART Ⅰ THEORY
  Chapter Ⅰ The Economics of Innovation, Coordination, Selection, and Knowledge Transfer = 3
    Ⅰ.1 The Experimentally Organized Economy = 3
    Ⅰ.2 The Business Information Problem - Can the Mind of the Firm be Automated? = 6
    Ⅰ.3 The Firm as a Financial Decision Unit = 7
    Ⅰ.4 The Firm as a Competence Organization = 8
    Ⅰ.5 How Do Different People Look at Business? = 9
    Ⅰ.6 How to Manage Bigness Efficiently? = 11
    Ⅰ.7 The Accounts of the Knowledge-Based Information Economy = 12
    Ⅰ.8 The Necessity of Tacit Competence = 14
    Ⅰ.9 The Limits of Reason = 16
    Ⅰ.10 The Flora of Knowledge - a Note on Terminology for the Business Information System = 18
    Ⅰ.11 Why This Study? = 21
  Chapter Ⅱ The Organization of Production, Markets and Administrative Control Systems - A General Theory of Innovation and Information, or the Experimentally Organized Economy = 23
    Ⅱ.1 From the Classical to the Experimental Organization of the Economy = 24
    Ⅱ.2 The Large Investment Opportunity Set = 26
      Diminishing returns to learning prevent fully informed decisions = 27
      The opportunity set grows from being exploited - the S a ·· rimner effect = 27
      The limits of learning = 28
    Ⅱ.3 Tacit Knowledge, Free Entry and Technological Competition = 29
    Ⅱ.4 Optimal Social Organization in the Experimentally Organized Economy = 30
    Ⅱ.5 The Capital Market and Dynamic Economic Coordination - Closing the Smith-Schumpeter-Wicksell System = 31
      How to operate out of equilibrium? = 31
      What bounds an economy out of equilibrium? - the endogenous invisible hand = 32
      The capital market as the ultimate controller = 33
      Competence and competition set the limits = 34
    Ⅱ.6 The Three Axioms of Knowledge(behavior) - Proving the Existence of Tacit Knowledge - Excursus on Theory = 34
      The three axioms of knowledge = 35
      The limits of analytical methods = 35
      The impact of tradition on modes of decision making = 36
    Ⅱ.7 Empirical Evidence on the Experimentally Organized Economy = 37
      A generalized Salter curve analysis of innovative behavior and enforced competition = 37
      The very large productivity potential = 41
      Innovative entry is the key to macro dynamics = 42
      The four change mechanisms of economic growth = 44
      Unpredictability in the Swedish micro-to-macro model = 46
      Following a sample of firms for some 60 years = 47
      Not even very large firms live for ever = 47
      Which firms are innovative? = 51
  Chapter Ⅲ The Firm as an Experimental Machine - Its Decision Problem = 53
    Ⅲ.1 The Competence Specification of a Business Organization = 54
    Ⅲ.2 The Main Functions of a Business Organization = 57
      The hierarchy as a conduit of information and authority = 58
      Efficient information transfer requires a stable internal language = 59
      Internally disturbing, innovative organizational change has to be decided by teams organizationally separated from routine management = 60
    Ⅲ.3 Knowledge as a Scale Factor = 61
      Mathematical excursus = 62
    Ⅲ.4 The Depreciation of Knowledge = 64
    Ⅲ.5 The Creation of Dominant Knowledge = 65
    Ⅲ.6 Selection of the Team = 67
    Ⅲ.7 A Stylized Career Model of the Firm = 67
    Ⅲ.8 The Valuation and Compensation of Dominant Industrial Competence = 69
    Ⅲ.9 Objectives of the Market and Incentives of the Top Competent Team = 71
    Ⅲ.10 The Value of Ownership = 75
    Ⅲ.11 The firm as a Locus of Financial Objectives = 76
      Defining the rate of return = 76
      The control function of the firm = 78
      The organization and the separable additive targeting system = 78
    Ⅲ.12 The Valuation of Capital = 80
    Ⅲ.13 Profits and Productivity Change = 83
    Ⅲ.14 Productivity Change through Organizational Change - interior productivity performance = 83
    Ⅲ.15 Profit Margins and Productivity = 84
      A breakdown of the profit accounts = 84
      The virtually unlimited ways to reorganize production for improved efficiency = 85
      Connecting rates of return and total factor productivity advance = 86
    Ⅲ.16 What Does It Mean to Be Rational? = 87
    Ⅲ.17 The Theory and the Reality of the Firm = 90
      The firm and the market = 91
      Experiments, uncertainty and risktaking = 92
      Firm dynamics, competition and macro behavior = 93
      The business problem as part of theory = 94
      Different images of a firm - a systematic overview = 97
        a) A converter of uncertainty into computable risks - the Knight(1921) proposition = 100
        b) The firm as a manager of financial risks = 102
        c) Bounded rationality, financial markets and the optimal managerial span of control = 103
        d) Behavioral and managerial theories of the firm = 106
        e) The firm as a competent team and organizational learner = 108
        f) The firm as an experimental machine = 110
    Mathematical Appendix ; Proof of the relationship between the rate of return and total factor productivity change = 114
PART Ⅱ PRACTICE
  Chapter Ⅳ The Firm - Its Control System in Practice = 119
    Ⅳ.1 What is Done within a Firm? = 119
    Ⅳ.2 Selection and the Breeding of a Competent Corporate Culture = 121
      The varied career = 122
      The specialist = 124
      The internal educational and training system = 125
    Ⅳ.3 Creation of New Knowledge = 127
    Ⅳ.4 Coordination = 128
    Ⅳ.5 Organizational Learning = 130
    Ⅳ.6 Representing the Flows of Activity through the Cost Accounts = 131
      Information access vs. control = 132
      The cost accounts = 138
      The cost and profit control hierarchy = 138
    Ⅳ.7 Four Common Information Systems Biases = 141
      Rate of return requirements on invisible capital - missing items = 141
      The illusory profit boom of 1974 - biased measures = 144
      Excessive caution in discounting = 146
      Wrong measures = 147
  Chapter Ⅴ The Universal Information System - a Fantasy or a Feasible New Product? = 149
    Ⅴ.1 Introduction = 149
    Ⅴ.2 The nature of the universal information product = 151
    Ⅴ.3 Artificial intelligence versus organizational control - the purpose of information designs = 154
    Ⅴ.4 Conclusions on the Universal Business Information System(UBIS) = 159
  Chapter Ⅵ The Experimental Evolution of a New Information Product = 161
    Ⅵ.1 The practical features of the information product = 162
      Monitoring and overview = 162
      Monitoring and automation = 164
      The access feature = 165
      Organizing people = 166
    Ⅵ.2 The production of information services = 167
    Ⅵ.3 Electronically distributed services and outsourcing = 169
    Ⅵ.4 The experimental emergence of a new, universal business information systems(UBIS) product = 172
      a) The IBM-story - trying it all = 175
      b) The Xerox-story - beginning too early = 191
      c) The DEC-story - good, but not good enough = 192
      d) The ERICSSON story - the high ambitions, the early rise and the final collapse of the Swedish computer industry = 194
    Ⅵ.5 The new information product - summing up = 199
    Ⅵ.6 The many technologies that have to be merged in the universal business information product = 204
      The product idea - the experimental evolution of a new technology combination = 204
      The management task - integrating at least nine fundamentally different technologies = 206
    Ⅵ.7 The emergence of the elements of the new information product = 207
      How should a business information system designed for the experimentally organized economy look? = 213
      The access feature = 214
      Receiver competence = 216
      Making users of the business information system hostages of the systems developer's knowledge = 217
      Revealing proprietary user knowledge to the information systems supplier = 218
    Ⅵ.8 Summary conclusions about the new information product = 219
PART Ⅲ A CHRONICLE OF EVENTS THAT MARK THE EXPERIMENTAL EVOLUTION OF A NEW INFORMATION PRODUCT
  Chapter Ⅶ Systems Components and the New Information Product Defined = 225
    Introduction = 225
    Sources of the Chronicle = 228
    Classification of technologies = 229
    From hardware, via software to netware and the lap top = 232
    Deregulation saved the U.S. IT industry = 232
    The core technologies upon which most UBIS's attempts have been based = 233
    Enormous technological variety… = 234
    …turns conventional truths upside down = 234
    Technology Wars = 235
    Standardization and "commodization" = 236
    Technological Locking-in = 236
    The three dominant structural changes = 237
    The access feature = 238
    Lessons for policy makers = 239
Supplement 1 Office automation and business information systems market - announcement of entry = 243
Supplement 2 Spin-off, start-up and major innovations chronology = 245
Supplement 3 Interviewed firms = 251
Subject index = 253
Bibliography = 257