CONTENTS
Panel of Experts = ix
Preface = xiii
Chapter 1 A 20-Year Perspective : What Has Changed? / Judy Mahle Lutter = 1
Defining the Athletic Female = 1
Time as an Obstacle to Athletic Activity = 2
Title IX Gives Females a Chance = 2
Health Concerns Related to Women's Reproductive Status = 3
Media Attention to Athletic Females = 3
The Decline in Females' Sport Participation = 4
The Role of Melpomene Institute in Awareness of the Athletic Female = 4
A Historical Perspective of Physically Active Women's Concerns = 5
Older Women and Physical Activity = 7
Current Perspective of the Athletic Female = 8
Summary = 8
References = 9
Chapter 2 Problems Facing the Athletic Female / Mary Lloyd Ireland = 11
Gender Differences and Inequality in Sport = 11
Personal Competition = 12
Problems Facing the Athletic Female = 13
Personal Injury History = 14
Orthopaedics as a Career = 15
Viewing Obstacles as Challenges = 16
Summary = 17
References = 17
Chapter 3 Psychological, Sociological, and Cultural Issues Concerning the Athletic Female / Diane L. Gill = 19
Sex and Gender Differences = 20
Personality and Gender Role Orientation = 21
Gender and Sport Achievement = 23
Gender Belief Systems = 28
Gender and Social Context = 30
Future Directions = 31
Body Image and Physical Activity = 33
Summary = 36
References = 37
Chapter 4 Osteoporosis in the Athletic Female : Amenorrhea and Amenorrheic Osteoporosis / Elizabeth A. Arendt = 41
The Normal Menstrual Cycle = 41
Delayed Menarche = 44
Luteal Suppression = 44
Prevalence of Athletic Amenorrhea = 45
Etiological Factors of Menstrual Cycle Abnormalities = 45
Mechanisms That Alter the Menstrual Cycle = 46
Treatment of Menstrual Cycle Irregularities = 54
Summary = 55
References = 56
Chapter 5 Diet and Menstrual Status as Determinants of Injury Risk for the Athletic Female / Tom Lloyd = 61
Menstrual Irregularity, Oral Contraceptive Use, and Injury Rates Among Recreational and Collegiate Athetes = 61
Diet, Reproductive Hormones, and Bone Density in Collegiate Athletes = 63
Normative Clinical Chemistry Values of Reproductive Hormone Levels = 68
Dietary Fat and Fiber as Modulators of Female Sex Steroid Levels = 69
Effects of Specific Nutrients on Menstrual Status = 73
Age-Dependent Changes in Bone Density and Calcium Intake : The Peak Bone Mass Concept = 76
Summary = 77
Acknowledgment = 78
References = 78
Chapter 6 Exercise and Pregnancy / Judy Mahle Lutter ; Valerie Lee
A Historical Perspective of Exercise and Pregnancy = 81
Current Thinking on Exercise and Pregnancy : Consistent Advice? = 82
Heart and Lung Considerations = 83
Muscle and Bone Effects = 84
Overheating = 86
A Neglected Area : What About the Right Foods During Pregnancy? = 87
Melpomene Research = 90
Melpomene Institute Guidelines for Exercise During Pregnancy = 91
Melpomene Recommendations for Evaluating Maternal Fitness Programs = 94
The Effects of Exercise on Labor and Delivery = 96
Considerations for Postpartum Exercise = 96
Overview of Exercise and Pregnancy = 99
Summary = 100
Note = 100
References = 100
Chapter 7 Oral Contraceptives and the Athletic Female / Pat J. Kulpa = 103
Noncontraceptive Benefits of Oral Contraceptive Use = 105
Negative Effects of Oral Contraceptive Use = 108
Oral Contraceptives and Athletic Performance = 109
Summary = 110
References = 111
Chapter 8 Issues Specific to the Preadolescent and Adolescent Athletic Female / Deborah L. Squire = 113
Areas of Concern for the Preadolescent Female Athlete = 113
Injuries to the Preadolescent Female Athlete = 115
Biological Maturation = 117
Nutritional Concerns for the Adolescent Female Athlete = 118
Injuries to the Adolescent Female Athlete = 120
Summary = 121
References = 121
Chapter 9 Substance Abuse by the Athletic Female / Herbert A. Haupt = 125
Anablic Steroids = 125
Pathogenic Weight-Control Aids = 130
Recreational Drugs and Ergogenic Aids = 132
Summary = 137
References = 137
Chapter 10 Eating Disorders Among Athletic Females / Nancy Clark = 141
Anorexia = 142
Bulimia = 143
Predisposing Factors to Eating Disorders = 144
Dietary Treatment = 144
Tips for Helping Athletes With Eating Disorders = 145
Summary = 146
References = 147
Chapter 11 Gender Differences in Circulorespiratory and Metabolic Variables Related to Endurance Performance / Ben R. Londeree = 149
Circulorespiratory and Metablic Factors Affecting Endurace Performance = 149
Circulorespiratory and Metablic Factors Related to Gender Differencesin Endurace Performance = 153
Summary = 159
References = 160
Chapter 12 Nutritional Problems and Training Intensity, Activity Level, and Athletic Performance / Nancy Clark = 165
Energy Intake of Athletic Females = 166
Dietary Analysis of Athletic Females = 166
Summary = 167
References = 168
Chapter 13 Strength Training and the Athletic Female / Terry R. Malone ; Barbara Sanders = 169
Assessing Changes in Muscle Strength = 169
Applications of Strength Training by Athletic Females = 172
Recommendations for Strength-Training Programs = 181
Summary = 182
References = 182
Chapter 14 Conditioning the Aging Female / Gregory A. Peters = 185
Defining the Aging Female = 185
The Aging Process in Women and Men = 186
Research on Exercise and Aging females = 186
Suggested Athletic Activities = 187
Benefits of Exercise for Aging Females = 188
Recommendations for Future Research = 189
Summary = 189
References = 189
Chapter 15 Off-Season Conditioning / John W. Uribe ; Merl J. Miller = 193
Preventing Deconditioning = 194
Training Principles = 196
Optimal Body Composition = 197
Optimal Flexibility = 198
Program Design = 199
Summary = 199
References = 200
Chapter 16 Sport-Specific Training / Barbara Hoogenboom = 203
Injury Prevention as a Rationale for Sport-Specific Training = 203
Defining Sport-Specific Trining = 204
Developing a Sport-Specific Training Program = 205
Suggestions for Further Study = 206
Summary = 206
References = 206
Chapter 17 Muscle Imbalances in the Athletic Female / Shirley A. Sahrmann = 209
Defining Muscle Imbalances = 209
The Anterior-Medial Hip Impingement Syndrome = 212
Recommnedations = 216
Summary = 217
References = 217
Chapter 18 Incidence and Pattern of Injury in Female Cadets at West Point Military Academy / John T. Mcbride ; William C. Meade, III ; Jack B. 꾜무 = 219
Survey Population = 220
Training Activities = 220
Injuries in Female and Male Cadets = 224
Summary = 232
Note = 233
Acknowledgment = 233
References = 233
Chapter 19 Upper Extremity Injuries / Letha Y. Griffin = 235
Frequency of Upper extremity Injuries = 235
Effects of conditioning on Upper Extremity Strength in Women = 241
Occurrence of Upper Extremity Injuries in Specific Sports = 242
Common Upper Extremity Injuries = 243
Summary = 248
References = 248
Chapter 20 Dance, Gymnastics, and Skating Injuries in Athletic Females / Carol C. Teitz = 251
Incidence of Injuries = 251
Types of Injury = 252
Anatomical Injury Sites = 255
Dance Form, Gymnastic and Skating Events, and Injury = 260
The Relationship Between Technique, Ability, and Injury = 261
Schedule Considerations = 261
Athletic Equipment and Injuries = 262
Rules of Competition That Promote Injury = 262
Preventing Injuries = 263
Summary = 263
References = 263
Chapter 21 Lower Extremity Injuries / Jerome V. Ciullo = 267
Injury Patterns in Female and Male Athletes = 268
Proximal Segment Injuries = 272
Middle Segment Injuries = 288
Overview of Lower Extremity Injuries in the Athletic Female = 295
Summary = 296
References = 296
Provocative Issues and Recommendations for Future Research = 299
Index = 306
