CONTENTS
Preface = xi
To the Student = xiii
Part 1 Introduction
Chapter 1 Measurement and Evaluation in a Changing Society = 3
Contents = 3
Key Words = 3
Objectives = 3
Introduction = 4
Microcomputer Technology = 4
Employment Testing = 4
Changing Profile of the American Population = 5
Our Aging Population = 5
Our Changing Ethnic Composition = 6
Changing Occupations = 6
Physical Activity and Fitness for Public Health = 7
Physical Activity and Fitness-Healthy People 2000 = 8
Physical Activity, Fitness, and Public Health = 8
Physical Activity, Fitness, and Health = 9
Measurement and Evaluation = 14
A Systematic Model for Evaluation = 15
Functions of Measurement and Evaluation = 16
Formative and Summative Evaluation = 17
Standards for Evaluation = 18
Nature of Norm-Referenced Standards = 18
Limitations of Norm-Referenced Standards = 19
Nature of Criterion-Referenced Standards = 19
Limitations of Criterion-Referenced Standards = 20
Examples in Developing Health-Related Criterion-Referenced Standards = 22
Some Final Considerations = 23
Summary = 24
Formative Evaluation of Objectives = 25
Additional Learning Activities = 26
Bibliography = 26
Chapter 2 The Use of Computers in Physical Education and Exercise Science = 29
Contents = 29
Key Words = 29
Objectives = 29
Introduction = 30
Types of Computers = 30
Mainframe and Minicomputers = 30
Microcomputer（PC） = 31
Essential Definitions = 31
Spiraling Microcomputer Power = 33
Computer Literacy = 34
Microcomputer Programs-Software = 35
General Programs = 35
Physical Education and Exercise Science Programs = 42
A Look at the Past and to the Future = 50
Summary = 51
Formative Evaluation of Objectives = 52
Additional Learning Activities = 52
Bibliography = 52
Part 2 Quantitative Aspects of Measurement
Chapter 3 Statistical Tools in Evaluation = 57
Contents = 57
Key Words = 57
Objectives = 57
Introduction = 58
Elements of Score Analysis = 58
Type of Scores = 58
Common Unit of Measure = 59
Calculators and Computers = 59
Organizing and Graphing Test Scores = 61
Simple Frequency Distribution = 61
Grouping Scores for Graphing = 63
Descriptive Values = 65
Measures of Central Tendency = 65
Measures of Variability = 70
Measuring Group Position = 73
Percentile Ranks = 73
Percentiles = 75
Using the Computer = 76
Standard Scores = 77
z-Scores = 77
T-Scores = 78
Using the Computer = 80
The Normal Curve = 84
Characteristics = 84
Probability = 84
Determining Relationships between Scores = 89
The Graphing Technique = 89
The Correlation Technique = 91
Prediction-Regression Analysis = 94
Simple Prediction = 95
Multiple Prediction = 98
Using the Computer = 98
Reliability of the Mean = 99
Additional Statistical Techniques = 100
Background to Statistical Tests = 100
t-Test for One Group = 101
t-Test for Two Independent Groups = 103
t-Test for Two Dependent Groups = 104
One-Way ANOVA = 106
Two-Way ANOVA, Repeated Measures = 106
Two-Way ANOVA, Factorial Design = 107
Summary = 109
Formative Evaluation of Objectives = 109
Additional Learning Activities = 11l
Bibliography = 111
Chapter 4 Reliability and Objectivity = 113
Contents = 113
Key Words = 113
Objectives = 113
Introduction = 114
Reliability Theory = 114
Types of Reliability = 115
Stability Reliability = 116
Internal-Consistency Reliability = 117
Stability versus Internal Consistency = 117
Estimating Reliability-Intraclass Correlation = 117
Intraclass R from One-Way Analysis of Variance = 117
Intraclass R from Two-Way Analysis of Variance = 121
Coefficient Alpha = 128
Single Score = 129
Intraclass R In Summary = 130
Spearman-Brown Prophecy Formula = 130
Standard Error of Measurement = 131
Factors Affecting Reliability = 131
Objectivity = 132
Factors Affecting Objectivity = 132
Estimation = 133
Reliability of Criterion-Referenced Tests = 133
Summary = 136
Formative Evaluation of Objectives = 136
Additional Learning Activities = 137
Bibliography = 138
Chapter 5 Validity = 139
Contents = 139
Key Words = 139
Objectives = 139
Introduction = 140
Validity for Norm-Referenced Tests = 140
Types and Estimation = 140
Factors Affecting Validity = 146
Selecting a Valid Criterion Score = 147
Mean Score versus Best Score = 147
The Role of Preparation = 148
Validity for Criterion-Referenced Tests = 148
Summary = 150
Formative Evaluation of Objectives = 151
Additional Learning Activities = 151
Bibliography = 152
Chapter 6 Evaluating Achievement = 153
Contents = 113
Key Words = 153
Objectives = 153
Introduction = 154
Evaluation = 154
Types of Evaluation = 155
Standards for Evaluation = 155
Grading = 157
Attributes = 157
Issues = 158
Methods = 160
Final Grades = 165
Program Evaluation = 169
Data Collection for Program Evaluation = 169
Formative Evaluation = 170
Summative Evaluation in Schools = 171
Summative Evaluation in Adult Fitness = 172
Program Improvement = 172
Summary = 173
Formative Evaluation of Objectives = 173
Additional Learning Activities = 174
Bibliography = 174
Part 3 Performance Testing
Chapter 7 The Nature of Tests and Their Administration : With Applications to Individuals with Disabilities = 177
Contents = 177
Key Words = 177
Objectives = 177
Introduction = 178
Test Characteristics = 178
Reliability, Objectivity, and Validity = 178
Content-Related Attributes = 178
Student and Participant Concerns = 179
Administrative Concerns = 181
Administration = 182
Pretest Procedures = 183
Giving the Test = 185
Posttest Procedures = 185
Measuring Individuals with Disabilities = 186
Background = 186
Problems in Measuring Individuals with Disabilities = 187
Summary = 190
Formative Evaluation of Objectives = 191
Additional Learning Activities = 191
Bibliography = 191
Chapter 8 Measuring Physical Abilities = 193
Contents = 193
Key Words = 193
Objectives = 193
Introduction = 194
History of Generality Tasting = 194
Age-Height-Weight Classification Index = 194
General Motor Ability = 195
Motor Educability = 195
Specificity of Motor Skill = 196
Theory of Basic Physical Abilities = 196
Application 1 : Evaluating Athletes = 197
Application 2 : Preemployment Testing = 199
Measurement of Basic Physical Abilities = 206
Muscular Strength = 206
Muscular Power = 218
Endurance = 221
Basic Movement Patterns = 225
Flexibility = 232
Balance = 235
Kinesthetic Perception = 237
Fine Psychomotor Abilities = 237
Summary = 237
Formative Evaluation of Objectives = 238
Additional Learning Activities = 238
Bibliography = 239
Chapter 9 Evaluating Youth Fitness = 245
Contents = 245
Key Words = 245
Objectives = 245
Introduction = 246
Motor Fitness = 246
Components of Motor Fitness = 246
AAHPERD Youth Fitness Test（YFT） = 247
Health-Related Physical Fitness = 247
Texas Test = 247
South Carolina Test = 248
Manitoba Physical Fitness Performance Test = 248
AAHPERD Health-Related Physical Fitness Test（HRFT） = 249
Fit Youth Today（FYT） = 249
National Health-Related Youth fitness Tests = 250
Prudential FITNISSGRAM R^ = 250
Chrysler Fund-AAU Physical Fitness Program = 253
President's Challenge = 254
Common Fitness Test Items = 255
Distance Run Tests = 255
Common Endurance and Flexibility Test Items = 260
Measuring Skinfold Fat of Youth = 265
Comparison of National Youth fitness Tests = 265
Test Items = 265
Criterion-Referenced Standards = 266
Future Trends = 267
Summary = 268
Formative Evaluation of Objectives = 268
Additional Learning Activities = 289
Bibliography = 269
Chapter 10 Evaluating Aerobic Fitness（VO₂ Max） of Adults = 271
Contents = 271
Key Words = 271
Objectives = 271
Introduction = 272
Aerobic Fitness = 272
Essential Definitions = 273
Oxygen Uptake = 273
Power Output = 273
Maximal Oxygen Uptake（VO2₂ Max） = 274
Evaluating Aerobic Fitness = 275
Laboratory Methods of Measuring VO₂ Max = 277
Maximal Exercise Tests = 277
Submaximal Exercise Tests = 281
Regulating Power Output = 281
Multi-Stage Model = 284
Single-Stage Model = 285
Submaximal Walking and Jogging Tests = 285
Estimating VO2^ Max without Exercise Testing = 288
Which Method Should Be Used? = 288
Computer Calculations = 297
Some Common Conversions = 297
Maximal Treadmill Time = 298
Submaximal Models = 299
Nonexercise Models = 300
Summary = 301
Formative Evaluation of Objectives = 301
Additional Learning Activities = 302
Bibliography = 303
Chapter 11 Evaluating Body Composition = 305
Contents = 305
Key Words = 305
Objectives = 305
Introduction = 306
Body Density and Percent Body Fat = 306
Measuring Body Density = 307
Converting Body Density to Percent Body Fat = 309
Limitations of the Siri and Brozek Methods = 309
Anthropometric Assessment of Body Composition = 310
Body Mass Index = 310
Body Circumferences = 312
Skinfolds = 312
Skinfold Assessment of Percent Fat of Adults = 317
Generalized Skinfold Equations = 319
Evaluating Body Composition of Adults = 324
Skinfold Assessments of Percent Fat of Children and Youth = 327
Bioelectrical Impedance Method = 329
Comparison of Body Composition Methods = 331
Computer Calculations = 334
Estimating Percent of Children = 335
Estimating Percent of Adults = 335
Computing Weight Goal = 336
Summary = 336
Formative Evaluation of Objectives = 337
Additional Learning Activities = 338
Bibliography = 338
Chapter 12 Evaluating Skill Achievement = 341
Contents = 341
Ney Words = 341
Objectives = 341
Introduction = 342
Sport Skill Tests = 342
Accuracy Tests = 342
Wall Volley Tests = 344
Tests of Total Bodily Movement = 345
Throws, Kicks, or Strokes for Power or Distance = 347
Combination Tests = 348
Rating Scales = 349
Subjective or Objective Evaluation? = 349
Problems with Subjective Evaluation = 350
Constructing a Rating Scale = 351
Using the Scale = 351
The Performance = 353
Procedures for Evaluating Skill Achievement = 356
Sample Sport Skill Tests = 357
AAHPER Sport Skill Test Series = 357
Other Sport Skill Tests = 362
Summary = 375
Formative Evaluation of Objectives = 377
Additional Learning Activities = 378
Bibliography = 378
Part 4 Cognitive and Affective Testing
Chapter 13 Evaluating Knowledge = 383
Contents = 383
Key Words = 383
Objectives = 383
Introduction = 384
Levels of Knowledge = 384
Types of Knowledge Tests = 386
Essay versus Objective = 386
Mastery versus Discrimination = 386
Construction = 388
Procedure = 388
Types of Test Items = 389
Sample Tests = 396
Administration and Scoring = 400
Administration Procedures = 400
Scoring Procedures = 400
Analysis and Revision = 402
Analyzing the Test = 402
Item Analysis = 404
Revising the Test = 408
Questionnaires = 411
Summary = 414
Formative Evaluation of Objectives = 414
Additional Learning Activities = 416
Bibliography = 416
Chapter 14 Measuring Psychological Dimensions of Physical Education, Exercise, and Sport Psychology = 417
Contents = 417
Key Words = 417
Objectives = 417
The Evolving Discipline of Sport Psychology = 418
Sport Attitudes and Performance = 418
Exercise and Sport Motivation = 418
Anxiety, Arousal, and Performance = 418
Attentional Focus and Styles = 418
Perceived Exertion = 418
Measuring Attitudes = 419
Validity of Attitude Scales = 420
Semantic Differential Scales = 421
Semantic Dimensions = 422
Construction of Semantic Differential Scales = 424
Scoring and Interpretation = 424
Motivation to Exercise-Adherence = 425
Physical Estimation and Attraction Scales（PEAS） = 426
Self-Motivation Inventory（SMI） = 428
Body Image = 428
Psychophysical Ratings = 430
Borg's Category RPE Scale = 431
Borg's Category Scale with Ratio Properties = 432
Uses of Psychophysical Ratings = 433
Uses of Psychological Scales = 434
Sport Psychology Scales = 435
Exercise and Sport Motivation = 435
Anxiety, Arousal, and Performance = 436
Attentional Focus and Styles = 436
Sport Attitudes and Performance = 436
Perceived Exertion and Performance = 436
Computer Calculations = 436
Scoring Semantic Differential Scales = 436
Scoring the Self-Motivation Inventory（SMI） = 437
Summary = 437
Formative Evaluation of Objectives = 438
Additional Learning Activities = 439
Bibliography = 440
Appendix = 443
Glossary = 447
Name Index = 455
Subject Index = 459
