CONTENTS
PART Ⅰ. Introduction to Physical Education
Chapter 1. Physical Education - Its Meaning and Significance = 3
Introduction = 3
Concepts Basic to the Nature and Meaning of Physical Education = 6
The Unitary Aspects of Man = 7
Permanence of the Nature of Man = 8
Changed Way of Life = 9
Continuity of Social Experience = 10
Movement as a Process of Integration = 12
The Education Cycle = 16
The Nature of Physical Education = 17
The Relationship of Physical Education to Education = 18
References = 19
Chapter 2. Physical Education Its Aims and Objectives = 21
Introduction = 21
What Is an Aim? = 21
What Are Objectives? = 22
What Are the Outcomes? = 22
Goals of Education = 23
Aim of Education = 24
Objectives of Education = 24
Goals of physical Education = 25
The Aim of Physical Education = 25
Objectives of Physical Education = 26
Outcomes of Physical Education = 29
The Physically Educated person = 30
References = 33
Chapter 3. Physical Education Meaning and Source of Its Principles = 34
Introduction = 34
What Are Principles? = 35
How Do Principles Function? = 35
Variability of Principles = 36
Sources of Principles = 37
The Application of Principles = 38
References = 39
PART Ⅱ. Physical Education - Its Humanistic Foundation
Chapter 4. Historical Foundations of Physical Education = 43
Introduction = 43
Importance of History = 43
Physical Education Among Primitive People = 44
Physical Education in Ancient Nations = 45
Physical Education in Greece = 46
Physical Education in Rome = 48
Physical Education During the Dark Ages = 50
Physical Education in the Middle Ages = 50
Asceticism = 50
Scholasticism = 51
Feudalism and Chivalry = 52
Physical Education During the Renaissance = 52
Humanism = 53
Realism = 53
European Background for Modern Physical Education = 54
Nationalism = 54
Germany = 55
Sweden = 56
Denmark = 56
England = 56
American Heritage = 57
Colonial Period = 57
Nationalism - 1776-1820 = 57
The Beginning of Systems - 1820-1860 = 57
Period of Growth and Expansion - 1860-1900 = 59
Physical Education in the Twentieth Century = 62
A Trilogy of Great Leaders = 62
New Developments in Teacher Education, Health, Recreation and Dance = 64
Professional Literature and Scientific Research = 65
World War I and Physical Education = 65
A Time of Crises and Professionalism = 66
Professional Preparation = 67
Research and Professional Acceptance = 67
International Relations = 67
History of Sport = 67
Prehistoric Era to Dark Ages = 67
Medieval and Renaissance Periods = 68
England and its Sports Heritage = 68
Early American Heritage = 69
Sport in the Nineteenth Century = 70
Sports in the Curriculum = 71
The Athletics and Sports Boom = 72
History of Fitness = 72
References = 78
Chapter 5. Physical Education - Its Philosophical Bases = 80
Introduction = 80
Components of Philosophy = 82
Metaphysics = 83
Epistemology = 83
Axiology = 83
Logic = 83
Ethics = 83
Esthetics = 83
Traditional Philosophies = 84
Idealism = 84
Realism = 86
Pragmatism = 87
Existentialism = 88
Educational Philosophies = 90
Progressivism = 91
Perennialism = 91
Essentialism = 92
Reconstructionism = 93
Implication of Philosophy for Physical Education = 93
References = 95
PART Ⅲ. Physical Education - Its Central Focus
Chapter 6. Human Movement = 99
Introduction = 99
Anatomy of Movement = 102
Biomechanics of Movement = 103
The Neural System and Movement = 104
The Biochemistry of Movement = 107
Exercise Physiology of Movement = 108
References = 111
PART Ⅳ. Biological Foundations
Chapter 7. Biological and Physiological Bases = 115
Introduction = 115
Biological Basis of Life = 115
Disintegrating Factors = 117
Emphasis on Cortical Activity = 118
Sedentarianism = 118
Mechanization and Automation of Work, Play and Industry = 118
Modern Society Places Undue Stress on the Nervous System = 119
Leisure in Abundance = 119
Joy and Self-Expression Have Been Taken from Most Work = 120
Environment No Longer Conducive to Working off Stress Influences = 120
High Standards of Living = 121
Biological Weaknesses = 121
Lack of Physical Fitness and Particularly Motor Fitness = 122
Low Skill Levels = 122
Prevalence of Hypokinetic Diseases = 122
Prevalence of Mental Disorders = 123
Malnutrition = 123
Poor Posture and Body Mechanics = 124
References = 124
Chapter 8. Anatomical and Physiological Bases = 125
Introduction = 125
Terminology = 125
The Skeleton = 126
Axial Skeleton = 128
Appendicular Skeleton = 129
Joint and Lever System = 129
The Muscles = 130
Upper Limbs = 131
Lower Limbs = 135
The Nervous System = 138
Heart-Circulatory- Respiratory Systems = 139
Summary = 139
References = 140
Chapter 9. Human Growth and Development = 141
Introduction = 141
Genetics = 142
Body Types = 143
Posture and Body Mechanics = 145
Growth and Developmental Characteristics of Children = 147
References = 150
Chapter 10. Health and Fitness = 151
Introduction = 151
Definition of Fitness = 152
Components of Fitness = 152
Types of Fitness = 152
Total Fitness = 152
Physical Fitness = 152
Motor Fitness = 153
Health = 154
Heart Disease = 155
Obesity = 157
References = 158
PART Ⅴ. Psychosocial Foundations
Chapter 11. Psychological Bases = 161
Introduction = 161
Theories of Learning = 163
Bond Theory = 164
Association Theory = 165
Gestalt Theory = 166
Information Theory = 166
Perceptual-Motor Learning = 169
Concept Development Through Movement = l73
Movement Exploration = 174
Laws of Learning = l74
Readiness = 175
Exercise = 175
Effect = 175
Reinforcement = 176
Memory and Retention = 177
References = 178
Chapter 12. Social Bases = 180
Introduction = 180
Social Organization = 181
Society = 181
Socialization = 182
Competition = 184
Conflict = 184
Rivalry = 184
Accommodation = 185
Cooperation = 185
Assimilation = I86
Culture = 187
Personality = 190
Social Groups = 191
Social Change = 194
Social Values = 195
Implications of Sociology for Physical Education = 197
References = 197
Chapter 13. Anthropological Bases = 199
Introduetion = 199
Biological Evolution = 201
Cultural Evolution = 208
Implication of Anthropology for Physical Education = 210
References = 214
PART Ⅵ. Human Performance
Chapter 14. Neuromuscular System = 217
Introduction = 217
Value of Skill = 219
Factors Underlying All Performance (Components of Movement) = 220
Strength = 220
Speed = 220
Power = 221
Endurance = 221
Agility = 221
Balance = 221
Flexibility = 221
Hand-eye-foot-eye Coordination = 222
Coordination = 222
Kinesthetic Sense = 222
Accuracy = 222
Fundamental Movements (Racial Skills) = 223
General Abilities = 223
Motor Capacity = 223
Motor Educability = 224
Motor Ability = 224
Motor Fitness = 225
Specific Skills (Sports, Gymnastics, and Dance) = 225
Specificity vs. Generality of Tasks = 226
Principles of Movement = 228
Opposition = 228
Form = 228
Quality = 230
Primary-Secondary Objectives = 230
Principle of Follow-through = 230
Principle of Total Movement = 230
References = 231
Chapter 15. Exercise Physiology = 232
Introduction = 232
The Fitness Cycle = 233
Benefits of Exercise = 237
Benefits of Exercise to the Heart and Circulatory System = 237
Benefits of Exercise to the Respiratory System = 238
Benefits of Exercise to the Muscular System = 238
Benefits of Excercise to Other Vital Organs and the Nutritive System = 239
Principles of Training = 240
Implementation of Fitness = 242
References = 244
Chapter 16. Biomechanics = 246
Introduction = 246
Values of Biomechanics to the Teacher/Coach = 247
Principles of Biomechanics = 248
Suspension Tasks = 249
Conservation of Momentum = 249
Supportive Tasks = 249
Equilibrium = 250
Lowered Center of Gravity = 250
Enlarged Base of Support = 250
Body Size and Concentration of Weight = 251
Tasks Involved with the Motion of the Body and/or Objects = 251
Law of Inertia = 251
Law of Acceleration = 252
Law of Equal and Opposite Force = 253
Principles Relating to Projection = 254
Force Absorption or Moving Tasks That Involve Receiving Force = 255
Summary of Principles = 256
Analytic Biomechanical Techniques = 256
Cinematography = 257
Kinetography = 258
Electromyography = 259
Goniography = 259
Functional Biomechanics = 259
References = 260
Chapter 17. Foundations of Motor Learning = 261
Introduction = 261
Conditions Affecting Learning = 262
Goals = 263
Feedback = 264
Practice = 268
Motivation = 269
Mental Practice = 271
Retention and Memory = 271
Transfer = 272
The Learning Curve = 274
Whole and Part Learning = 275
Elimination of Errors = 275
Self-Analysis = 276
Knowledge of Results = 276
Readiness = 277
Differentiation = 278
Form = 278
Directions = 278
Emotion and Skill = 279
References = 280
PART Ⅶ. Values and Sport
Chapter 18. Sociopsychological Values = 283
Introduction = 283
The Nature of Values = 286
Ethical and Moral Values = 287
How Ethical and Moral Values Are Transmitted = 288
Democracy and Values = 291
Valuelessness and Meaninglessness = 292
Self-Actualization and the Good Life = 294
How Values Grow and Change for the Individual = 296
Peck and Havighurst Socialization Framework = 296
Piaget's System of Rules = 297
Kohlberg's Moral States = 299
Implications of the Value Growth Framework = 299
Role of Education in Human Values = 301
Place of physical Education in Socialization and Value Formation = 303
Teaching Values Through Physical Education = 305
Clarification of Objectives = 305
Formal Plan for Teaching = 305
Methodology and Procedures of Value Training = 307
Measurement of Value Status and Progress = 307
The Learning Climate = 308
References = 309
Chapter 19. Sociology of Sport = 311
Introduction = 311
The Role of Sport in Society = 312
Socialization Through Sports = 316
Role Playing = 316
Status = 316
Social Stratification = 317
Self-Image = 317
Cooperation and Competition = 318
Sport and Personality = 319
Sport and Ethics = 320
Sport as Education = 322
Sport and Sportsmanship = 324
Sport-Professionalism or Amateurism = 326
Sport and Politics = 329
Sport and Economics = 330
Sport and the Black Athlete = 332
Sport and Governance = 333
Sport and the Media = 335
Sport and the Role of Women = 336
Sport and the Little League = 339
Sport and Religion = 341
Sport L'Envoi = 342
References = 343
PART Ⅷ. The Profession
Chapter 20. Leadership and Promotion of the Profession = 347
Leadership and Man's Heritage = 347
How Leaders Are Selected = 347
Qualities of Leaders = 348
Types of Leadership = 349
Professional Leadership = 350
What Is a Profession? = 352
Criteria of a Profession = 353
Scientific and Philosophical Basis = 353
Extended Period of Preparation = 354
Specialized Skills = 355
Service Motive = 355
Body of Literature and Scholarly Achievements = 356
Code of Ethics = 357
Professional Associations = 357
Accreditation = 360
Certification or License = 361
Professionalization = 361
References = 363
Chapter 21. Promotion of Professional Competence = 364
Introduction = 364
Product and Process = 367
Competencies = 367
Professional Competencies = 368
Personal Competencies = 369
The Professional Institution-Its Self-Study, Evaluation, and Accreditation = 369
General Accreditation = 370
Specialized Accreditation = 371
Beyond Accreditation = 375
The Product and the Teacher Education Program = 375
Selection and Recruitment = 375
Retention = 376
Certification = 378
Follow-up = 379
Teacher Evaluation = 381
References = 382
Index = 385
