CONTENTS
PREFACE = ⅴ
CHAPTER Ⅰ FOREIGN DIRECT INVESTMENT AND MULTINATIONAL ENTERPRISES : TRENDS AND DISTRIBUTION = 1
An overview of foreign direct investment(FDI) trends = 1
Factors influencing MNE investments in the developing regions = 2
Characteristics of FDI in the developing regions = 2
Sources of FDI in developing countries = 4
FDI by economic sectors = 8
CHAPTER Ⅱ DIRECT EMPLOYMENT EFFECTS OF MNEs IN DEVELOPING COUNTRIES = 21
MNE employment volume = 21
MNE employment trends = 21
Countries and regions of major MNE employment = 24
MNE employment by economic sectors = 25
Illustrative country examples of MNE presence, employment volume, distribution and evolution = 29
Struture of employment in MNEs = 33
Total employment effects of MNEs = 39
ANNEX : Tables = 49
CHAPTER Ⅲ INDIRECT EMPLOYMENT EFFECTS OF MNEs IN DEVELOPING COUNTRIES = 53
A broad categorisation of indirect employment effects = 53
Net macro-economic impact = 53
Horizontal indirect effects = 56
Vertical linkages effects = 58
Review of case studies using input-output analysis and related methods = 60
The economics of vertical integration and direct linkages = 64
Employment displacement by MNEs = 69
Summary = 70
CHAPTER Ⅳ EMPLOYMENT EFFECTS OF MNEs IN FREE TRADE ZONES AND SIMLLAR SITES IN DEVELOPING COUNTRIES = 77
Background and characteristics of Free Trade Zones(FTZs) and similar sites = 77
Geographical location and trends = 78
Labour-intensive employment = 79
Employment for women = 81
Indirect employment effects in FTZs = 81
Labour market issues connected with FTZs and similar sites = 82
ANNEX : Table = 90
CHAPTER Ⅴ GOVERNMENT POLICY AND TECHNOLOGY CHOICE AS DETERMINANTS EMPLOYMENT EFFECTS = 91
Government policies = 91
Foreign investment policies(codes) = 91
Policies aiming at greater backward and forward linkages of MNEs with the local economy = 93
Localisation of MNE staff = 94
MNEs' choice of technology and factors affecting it = 95
Availability of technology in the various industries = 96
Product characteristics = 97
Nature of the market = 98
Scale of MNE operations = 99
Enterprises' over-all policy = 100
Technology of MNEs from developing countries = 100
Need for specific studies and promotional efforts = 101
CHAPTER Ⅵ CONCLUSIONS = 111
APPENDIX List of component studies prepared for the project = 117
